Heros And Old Man And The Sea Essays - The Old Man And The Sea

Heros And Old Man And The Sea Hemingway and a Hero Erin Elizabeth Ellen Fowler Period 3 Mrs. Haughey Outline 1. The Hemingway Code is an idea of what all heroes have in common. 2. One of Hemingways best novels was The Old Man and the Sea fore it was a story of skill. 3. The Old Man and the Sea was a story of courage from Santiagos point of view. 4. Also a story of courage from the fishs point of view. 5. Victory in the soul but in reality, defeat, was demonstrated in this novel. 6. Santiago earned his pride and self-respect from his suffering. 7. Hemingways way of writing is directed towards the eye rather than the ear. 8. Fear is always present and Hemingway made sure you felt the momentary truce, of facing a fear, in a hopeless battle. 9. One of the symbols constantly mentioned in the story is that of the great baseball player Joe DiMaggio. The Old Man and the Sea is a beloved novel because of the style in which Hemingway writes, his idea of a hero, and how he applied it affectively. The code for his heroes way in which they act with courage, always strive to prove them selves one more time, not to complain about their suffering. The writing techniques brought the story in to full multimedia life by letting the reader see what is going on. Finally, the way it all just seems to fit together in the end. The Hemingway code is an idea of what all heroes have in common. In the words of Irving Howe, There emerges...the characteristics hero of the Hemingway world: the hero who was wounded the bears his wound in silence who is sensitive to but scorns to devalue his feelings into words who is defeated but finds a remnant of dignity in an honest confrontation of defeat.(232) This code is a code of honor to all who attain it. Even in today's life we can find this hero. Take a fireman, there is a fire ripping a building to shreds with its furry. The firemen come in to the blazing wreck insuring that they will get burnt. Bearing their wounds in silence. When they save the last family in that building they would cheer and go on how brave he was and he would think of it as a days work. But, if he did not save that last family member he would find pride in not having all the family members died in the building. What is the Hemingway Code? Its had the fear of death on your back but you will still fight on. And, even if you do not completely finish the task you still find pride in what you did. One of Hemingways best novels was The Old Man and the Sea fore it was a story of skill. Santiago, the hero, is an elderly man tanned and wrinkled from fishing all his life and from that he is skilled with the art of the task. He kept {the lines} Straighter than anyone did, so that at each level in the darkness of the stream there would be a bait waiting exactly where he wished it to be for any fish that swam there.(32) This alone shows how precise he was about fishing, proving his skills of a fisherman. If he did not keep the lines straight down they can all be at the same level. Then, only the fish around that one level, which would a shallower part of water, could smell and maybe take the bait. At that if it was in shallow water where the smaller fish are he cannot have gotten as big as a fish as he did. For, as the author wrote, the fish he caught took the bait closer to the bottom of the gulf. The dolphin and the flying fish, which are smaller, took the bait closer the surface of the water. If Santiago did not have the skill, which you need to be a fisherman, this novel would not have had a point. For, he would not have even caught the fish. Than there would not have been a story, which is, why this story is about skill. The Old Man and the Sea

The differences in news organizations

The differences in news organizations Sources Four news organisations will be used in this study. The first two may not be as well known as the others so before going any further it is important to clarify the credibility of these sources. The first one is the Jerusalem Post and it was founded in 1932. In their official website it claims that it is Israels best-selling English daily and most-read English website.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The differences in news organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second one is the Haaretz Newspaper in Israel. It is an organisation that â€Å"provides extensive and in-depth coverage of Israel, the Jewish World and the Middle East† and everything that occurs within these regions including defence policies, Arab-Israeli conflict and even the peace process.2 The other sources comes from the BBC News and CBC News Canada. Jerusalem Post The article from taken from the Jerusalem Post provided the m ost in-depth discussion of the Palestinian refugees problem. Using this article as the point of comparison, the other three sources will be studied on their treatment of the said subject matter. Going back to the Jerusalem Post it has to be pointed out that the article was written by a guest columnist. His name is Alon Ben-Meir and it can be presumed safely that he is an Israeli who happens to be a Professor of International Relations at New York University. Ben-Meir identified key elements of the refugee problem such as the idea of resettlement, homeland, and coming home to the State of Israel. Ben-Meir argued not only on the urgency of the problem but also discussed a possible solution. Ben-Meir clarified the issue even further by saying that this is not just a political problem but also a humanitarian concern because there are at least 4.5 million refugees according to UN records.3 The author also said that it is imperative that the surrounding nations, the UN and the nations all over the world should assist in one way or another in order to resolve this issue once and for all. Ben-Meir added two crucial statements, he said that refugees cannot afford to wait for the peace talks to be finalized and then he said that the European Union should take the lead.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He cited the economic and political clout possessed by the EU as the main reason why they should initiate the final solution to the problem. He also pointed out the propensity of the Arab States to gravitate towards the EU and not the United States because of the perceived close ties that the Americans have with the Israelis. Haaretz Newspaper In the Haaretz Newspaper the article the title contained the terms â€Å"concession on rights to return.† First of all there was no discussion with regards to the urgent need to help refugees resettle or ret urn to their homeland. The issue immediately centred on the fact that there were secret deals that were made to limit the number of refugees that will be allowed to go back to their homelands. In the previous article the number of refugees was estimated to be only 4.5 million but this time around the estimate reached 5 million Palestinian refugees. BBC News In the BBC News article, the emphasis was on the culpability of the Israelis for the war of 1948 was the main reason why 700,000 Palestinians were displaced. The Israeli government countered with the statement that â€Å"most Palestinian refugees left to avoid a war instigated by neighbouring Arab states though it admits a handful of expulsions and unauthorised killings.†4 The article also stated that aside from the 1948 war there was also the 1967 war that displaced hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and that the accurate tally reached up to 6 million refugees. The Israeli government disputes this number. CBC News Cana da In CBC News Canadas Special Report, the emphasis was on the reason why the Palestinian refugees left in the first place. It is implied that when the Jews established a Jewish State hundreds of thousands of people were displaced and that the diaspora of 700,000 Palestinians resulted in the 4.7 million refugees that exists today. The report also focused on the state of the Palestinian refugees that fled to Lebanon, and the author remarked that, â€Å"While in countries such as Jordan and Syria, Palestinians can attend local schools, access government services, participate fully in the job market and even acquire citizenship, in Lebanon, they remain marginalized and are considered to be among the poorest in the diaspora.†5Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The differences in news organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences in Reporting There are significant differences in reporting. The first maj or issue that these news sites could not agree on is the number of the Palestinian refugees. The Jerusalem Post said that there are 4.5 million while the Haaretz said that there are 5 million refugees. On the other hand the BBC made the assertion that the total number of refugees numbered 6 million while the CBC Canada had a the second lowest estimate and it is 4.7 million refugees. There is also differences in focus or the way the reporters frame the events. Others see it as a political problem related to the peace process while other see it as a humanitarian problem and thus puts pressure on authorities to resolve it as quickly as possible because the lives of millions of people are at stake. Others nitpicked on the kinds of assistance that must be extended to the refugees. There is an argument whether the Palestinians must be absorbed by host nations, if they are supposed to be sent back to their original homes or at least given the chance to go back to their homeland. Explanatio n The differences in the reporting can be understood from the point of view of the reporters and their bias towards a particular subject matter. For example the Jerusalem Post, through their guest columnist emphasized the need for the EU to come in and help. This can be interpreted as an appeal to the EU to assist Israel because the Jewish State could not carry the burden all by itself. Furthermore, Ben-Meir said that there are only 4.5 million refugees not five million or six million as claimed by other reporters. The low estimate can be interpreted as the reluctance of the Israelis to carry all the blame for the diaspora. The article from the Haaretz newspaper rounded-off the figure to 5 million presumably to force people to understand the gravity of the problem. It is the impossibility of absorbing these great number of people without risking the stability of the only Jewish State in the planet.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also gave emphasis to other options which is resettlement. However, there is no mention of compensation. It can be argued that the refugees had the right to be relocated and compensated for what was done to them when they were forced to leave their homes in 1948. In the case of the CBC News report the spotlight was focused on the suffering that the refugees suffered under the Israelis as well as the callousness of the Lebanon government when it comes to integrating the refugees into the local population. This can be interpreted as an attempt to force Israel and Lebanon to accept responsibility for their actions. If one will use the article from Jerusalem Post as a guide one can argue that there are so many facets to the refugee problem and yet international leaders, the Israeli government and Arab States focuses only on the areas that will benefit them. It is time to look at the problem from a humanitarian point of view. These refugees must not be seen as pawns in the ongoing Ara b-Israeli conflict. The Arab leaders must accept the fact that 4 to 6 million refugees cannot be realistically brought back within the borders of Jerusalem or even relocated into the Gaza strip. The BBC News and CBC News failed to explain another major root cause of the refugee problem. The Arab nations surrounding Israel did not agree to what was then known as the British Mandate of Palestine.6 This is crucial because the BBC and the CBC seem to paint the Israeli government in a negative light that this refugee problem was all their fault. The Palestinian refugees are more than 4 million in number, this is no longer a problem that should be tackled only by Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. It has become an international problem and requires the assistance of everyone. Bibliography Asser, Martin. â€Å"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees.† BBC News. September 2, 2010, bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11104284 Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Guest Column: Taking resp onsibility for Palestinian refugees.†Ã‚  Jerusalem Post. April 16, 2010, jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=173223. CBC News. â€Å"Special Report: Palestinian Refugees.† CBC News Canada. October 27, 2010, cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/10/26/f-lebanon.html. Haaretz Service. â€Å"Hamas urges Palestinian refugees to protest over concessions on right of return.† Haaretz.com. January 25, 2011, haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-urges-palestinian- refugees-to-protest-over-concessions-on-right-of-return-1.339120. Footnotes 1  Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Guest Column: Taking responsibility for Palestinian refugees.†Ã‚  Jerusalem Post. April 16, 2010, jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=173223. 2  Haaretz Service. â€Å"Hamas urges Palestinian refugees to protest over concessions on right of return.† Haaretz.com. January 25, 2011, haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-urges-palestinian- refugees-to-protest-over-concessions-on-right -of-return-1.339120. 3  Ben-Meir. 4  Martin Asser. â€Å"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees.† BBC News. September 2, 2010, bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11104284, p.1 5  CBC News. â€Å"Special Report: Palestinian Refugees.† CBC News Canada. October 27, 2010, cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/10/26/f-lebanon.html. 6  CBC News.

How did religious and political views shape or affect the conquest of Essay

How did religious and political views shape or affect the conquest of mexico - Essay Example The temporal realm was separate from life on Earth. The Nahua believe that natural and supernatural were entwined. Another defining aspect of religious influence was blood. Spaniards believed god had sent Jesus to spill his blood, but the Nahua believed that their gods needed human blood. Each religious influence controlled the outcome of the conquest. The Spanish were Roman Catholics. Although the Spaniards were Roman Catholics, different orders would shape the conquest and eventual conversion to Catholicism. Schwartz (2000:25) explains: The conversion of the indigenous peoples of New Spain (Mexico) was carried out in the sixteenth century primarily by missionary orders: the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, and after 1574, the Jesuits. Depending upon the order, the priests would convert the Nahua and the other tribes in Mexico. The goal was to baptize and convert the people to Christianity. It must be noted that different orders handled the natives with diverse methods. Some p riests were harsh in the conversion. The Nahua had to convert, be baptized, and refute their native religion. Other orders would incorporate the local religion into their view of Christianity. It is important to note that in the end, the Christians conquered the Nahua, but the Nahua retained some of their traditions. The Nahua believed in a variety of god and goddesses. Schwartz (2000:9) states: The many gods and goddesses can perhaps be grouped into three major categories. As an agricultural people, the Mexica gave particular devotion to the gods of the earth and of fertility, to gods like Tlaloc, god of rain†¦A second group consisted of the creator deities†¦Finally, there were deities who formed part of the cult of war and sacrifice. The many gods and goddesses were entreated for rain, victory in war, and praise for creation. The impact of the religious differences between the Spanish and Nahua in the respect to gods and goddess influenced the conquest. The Spanish fough t for a trinity in one god. The Nahua asked their gods of war and sacrifice to beat the invaders. When mankind wages war for a religious purpose they will win at all costs. If a tribe is fighting for land alone it is easier to lose. The religious ties of homeland were not as important to either side. The difference was one side fought for a sole god, but the other fought for their homeland. Thus the Spaniards overcame the Nahua. Another impact religion made on the conquest of the Spanish over the Nahua was conversion. The Nahua did not want to expand their empire through conversion. The Nahua wanted to annihilate their enemies. If they conquered people, the Nahua let them keep their identity. The Spaniards wanted to conquer and convert. This provided slave labor, allies, and more resources. Different religious values of the two warring sides influenced the conquests. Christians wore crosses with arrows, swords, and other advanced weapons. Gold was not valued by the Nahua for their t raditions. However, the Christians believed in the value of gold. The Spaniards wanted the gold to give a tribute to the church. Gold could be made into crosses. The Nahua’s rituals were of complicated temples built of stone. Water, sacrifices, and other rituals made up the Nahua religion. The value of the territory made the Spaniards feel that their god wanted them to take the riches in order to further the Church’s mission of spreading Christianity throughout the world. The

Marketing Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Communications - Assignment Example The project makes a study of the external environment. The external environment looks favourable, especially because the world has been gradually moving out of the recession. The most favourable situation is the rapid technological advancement across countries. The use of internet has increased drastically over the years and thus has become the most popular medium of communication by most organisations. Also, there have been an increasing number of teenagers using the internet which makes the internet the most effective medium of marketing communication for brand development (Neuez, 2003, p.4). It is also seen that teenagers are the largest consumers of chocolates. The conventional method of marketing communications in the chocolate industry in UK has been the electronic media. However, the chocolate market in UK looks bright. There is also a high demand for fast food in the nation. One of the close competitors in the field is Cadburys. However, the market share of the company has re cently fallen. â€Å"Data from Nielsen, the market research company, showed Cadbury’s chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year† (Boyle, 2009). This situation could be used to the company’s advantage. However, there is one drawback that it would be confronting with. It might confront with a dip in the demand for chocolates as majority of the population greatly suffers from obesity. Application of Theories to Practice Scholars and marketing practitioners have been abandoning the approach of marketing mix and increasingly focussing on the process of relationship marketing and marketing communication strategies. Relationship marketing is defined as the process of establishment, development and maintenance of successful relationship exchanges. The activities involved focuses on decreasing exchange uncertainties and creating customer collaborations and commitme nt by gradually developing and adjusting with the mutual norms and routines (Andersen, 2001, p.168). If the customers can be retained over a number of transactions, both the sellers and the buyers may gain profits resulting from the previous transactions. The aim lies in the attempt to maximise profits as much as possible through the increase in the customer’s lifetime spending instead of generating profits from a single transaction. Thus the process of development of buyer and seller relationship is considered to be the numerous phases in which the trustworthiness of buyers and suppliers are put to test and â€Å"mutual norms governing exchange activities are developed† (Andersen, 2001, p.168). Scholars agree that communication is the fundamental aspect in relationship development. Communication is considered to be the quintessence behind the coordination of behaviour in an organisational setting. The entire inter-organisational distribution channel is held together b y the process of communication. Communication is defined as the way in which a message is transferred to others and also giving it an understandable meaning for everyone. The definition primarily focuses on the way in which communication

Construction management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction management - Essay Example 324). The Site Waste Management Plan regulations were introduced in the United Kingdom and particularly in England (legislation.gov.uk, 2008), due to the huge amounts of construction wastes that were abandoned at construction sites. According to the SWMP regulations, all construction projects in England with a value of  £300,000 must have a Site Waste Management Plan (Gov.uk, 9 January 2013). The regulations were passed in February 2008; however, they came into full force in April 2008. Therefore, â€Å"the regulations do not apply to any project planned before 6 April, if construction work commenced before 1 July 2008†¦apply to all projects with a value of  £300,000 or more,....additional...requirements for projects with a value of  £500,000 or more† (Hughes and Ferrett, 2011, p. 640). Through the Site Waste Management Plan regulations, a plan for managing the disposal of waste during the whole of a construction project is provided (Wrap, 2013). Using information based on the design of a building at the preconstruction stage, estimated quantities of waste that a site can produce are identified using the Site Waste Management Plan. Consequently, the best decisions on the most economical ways to manage construction waste are also identified. Therefore, the reason behind the introduction of the Site Waste Management Plan regulations 2008, â€Å"is to ensure that the element of waste generation is thought about right from the design and specification stage and facilitate the selection of the construction methods and materials that would effectively minimise waste generation† (Chartered Institute of Building , 2010, p. 199). Other objectives of the Site Waste Management plans 2008 are also to boost the amount of construction waste that is found, reused, and recycled, and improve the efficiency of construction materials. Prevention of illegal waste action is another objective of the

Diagnostic Test Related Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

Diagnostic Test Related Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay Both of these can reveal levels of various minerals and other substances indicating disease or a musculoskeletal disorder. The levels of certain protein in the blood may also help diagnose a disease. Blood and Urine samples are the most common tests used to diagnose problems within the musculoskeletal system. Also, prior to surgery, blood samples are used to detect bleeding tendencies. Urinary N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen or N-Tx and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) both reflects increased osteoclast activity and increased bone resorption. b. Nerve Conduction Studies It is used to measure the electrical activity of muscles when a muscle fiber contracts to determine if the muscles and nerves are working properly. It is performed by stimulating a peripheral nerve at several points along its course and recording the muscle action potential or the sensory action potential that results. Usually, surface or needle electrodes are used. It is placed on the skin over the nerve to stimulate the nerve fibers. A technique called truax biography will show nerve conduction patterns, which changes in various muscle and nerve diseases. c. Imaging Procedures X-Ray Studies Bone X-Rays determines the bone density, erosion, and changes in bone relationships. It is used to diagnose broken bones or joint dislocations, guide orthopaedic surgery such as spine repair or infusion, assist in detection and diagnose of bone cancer, and locate foreign objects around soft tissues and in bones. Joint X-Rays reveal fluid irregularity, spur formation, narrowing and changes in joint structure. It is used to detect degenerative conditions on the joints, fractures, and tumors. Multiple X-Rays with multiple views are also needed for full assessment of the structure being examined. Computed Tomography It is used to identify the location and extent of fractures in areas that are difficult to evaluate such as acetabulum. It can be performed with or without the use of contrast agents and can illustrate a detailed specific plane of involved bone and can also reveal tumors of the soft tissues or injuries to the ligaments or tendons. Magnetic Resonance Imaging It can demonstrate abnormalities such as tumors and narrowing of tissue pathways through the bone. It is a noninvasive procedure and electromagnets are used that is why patients with any metal implants, clips or pacemakers cannot have an MRI. IV contrast agent are used to enhance visualization. Arthrography It identifies acute or chronic tears of the joint capsule or supporting ligaments of the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip, or wrist. A radiopaque contrast agent or air is used. It is injected into the joint cavity to visualize the irregular surfaces. The joint will be put through its ROM to distribute the contrast agent accompanied by a series of X-Rays. If the contrast agent leaks, it means a tear is present. 2. Discuss musculoskeletal changes associated with the aging process. Aging leads to changes in balance, cartilage and bone tissue. The normal aging process does not need to have limited movements. Mobility is affected by personal lifestyle and the degree of activity that the individual has maintained throughout their life. Although, some of the limitations of mobility occurs as a result of fear, such as fear of falling. a. Changes in Balance The maintenance of balance relies on integrating responses from the visual system, vestibular system in the inner ear and the proprioceptors in the muscles and joints. And with aging, older people requires greater angular movement in joints for proprioception to be achieved. b. Cartilaginous Changes There is loss in the normal elastic properties of cartilage due to an increase in water loss and deposition of fibers. The increased fiber density in connective tissue and cartilage produces a mesh or interconnection for the deposition of calcium. And this accounts fot the increased calcification of cartilage with aging. The hyaline cartilage also loses fluid and is converted to fibrocartilage. The articular cartilage changes with the elasticity being lost. Thinning occurs over the weight bearing areas which affects functioning such as the changes in the menisci of the knee joint that will inhibit free movement. The loss of water from cartilage in the intervertebral discs leads to compaction of the vertebrae and shrinkage of the spinal column, which is seen as a loss in height. Many joint of the body becomes stiffened with aging. The height loss is also affected by joint changes and by the flattening of the arc of the foot. c. Bone Changes Osteoporosis is a normal aging process as the androgen decreases. It is an imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation. If it is severe, it may cause fractures and may lead to bowing of the long bones and to an increase in spinal curvature due to vertebral collapse. 3. Discuss patient preparation for an arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is a procedure used to directly visualize a joint to diagnose joint disorders. Various treatments can also be performed through the arthroscope such as treatment of tears, defects, and disease processes. Arthroscopy is most often performed as an outpatient procedure. It is a essentially a bloodless procedure with generally few complications. It is performed in the operating room under sterile conditions. Injection of local anesthesia into the joint or general anesthesia, a spinal or epidural anesthesia is used. The patient should be able to tolerate the anesthetic agent used. Heart and lung function should be adequate. Existing problems such as emphysema should be optimized as possible prior to surgery. Anticoagulants should be carefully adjusted prior to surgery if the patient is taking them. Preoperatively, physical examination, blood tests and urinalysis will be performed. If the patient has a history of heart or lung problems, and is above the age of 50, an ECG and chest X-ray is obtained. The patient should also have instruction on exercises and postoperative mobilization such as crutch walking. Patients are generally encouraged to mobilize the affected part following surgery with adequate analgesia. 4. Discuss components of a musculoskeletal physical assessment. a. Posture Spine is assessed for normal curvature. It is convex through the thoracic portion and concave through the cervical and lumbar portions. Kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis are common deformities of the spine. Kyphosis is mostly seen in elderly patients with osteoporosis and in some with neuromuscular disease. The entire back, buttocks and legs should be exposed during inspection of the spine. Spinal curves and trunk symmetry are inspected from posterior and lateral views. Differences in the height of the shoulders or iliac crest are noted. Symmetry of the shoulders and hips, line of the vertebral column are inspected at erect position and patient bending forward. Height should be measured especially in adults because in older adults, loss of height occurs due to loss of vertebral cartilage and osteoporosis. b. Gait Have the patient walk away for a short distance and observe the patients gait for smoothness and rhythm. Unsteadiness and irregular movements which are frequently seen in elderly patients are abnormal. c. Bone Integrity Deformities and alignments are assessed in the bony skeleton. Symmetric parts are compared. Abnormal bone growths are observed. Shortened extremities, amputations, and body parts that are not in anatomical alignments are documented. If fractures are present, movement must be minimized to avoid additional injuries and some may include abnormal angulation of long bones, motion at points other that joints and crepitus. d. Joint Function ROM, deformity, stability and nodular formation are noted. ROM is done both actively and passively. Goniometer can be used for precise measurement of ROM. If the joint is compromised or painful, it should be examined for effusion, swelling and increase in temperature for it may reflect active inflammation. If there is positive inflammation on the joints, a physician is consulted. Palpation of the joint while it is in passive movement will provide information on joint integrity. The joint normally moves smoothly; snap or crack indicates a ligament is slipping over a bony prominence. The slightly roughened surfaces results in crepitus. Tissues around the joints are examined for nodule formation. The size of the joint is often exaggerated by atrophy of the muscle proximal and distal to that joint which is seen in rheumatoid arthritis. e. Muscle Strength and Size Muscular strength and coordination, size of individual muscles, and patients ability to change position are assessed. Muscle tone is determined by palpating the the muscle while passively moving the relaxed extremity while muscle strength is assessed by having the patient perform certain maneuvers with and without added resistance. Muscle clonus may also be elicited by sudden, forceful, sustained dorsiflexion of the foot or extension of the wrist. Involuntary twitching of muscle fiber groups may be observed. The girth of an extremityis measured to monitor increased size. It may decrease due to muscle atrophy. It is important that the measurement be taken at the same location of the extremity and with the extremity in the same position, with the muscles at rest. Distance from a specific landmark must be indicated. Variations in size greater than 1cm are considered significant. f. Skin Skin is inspected for edema, color, and temperature. Palpation is performed to reveal if any areas are warmer which suggests increased perfusion of inflammation, or vice versa. Cuts, bruises, skin color, and evidence of decreased circulation or inflammation are noted. g. Neurovascular Status Frequent neurovascular examination is important for patient with musculoskeletal disorders due to the risk for tissue and nerve damage. Circulation, motion and sensation are assessed. SOURCES: Brunner and Suddarths textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 12th Edition Julia Kneale et. al. (2005) Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing 2nd Edition Clinical Assignment 1. Complete a musculoskeletal physical assessment. a. Temporomandibular joint Inspection: No swelling 3 fingers can be inserted sideways Palpation: No swelling and tenderness Both side firm, same strength There was a snap during opening Muscle strength The jaw can move in all directions and can move against resistance b. Cervical spine Inspection: Neck is straight and head is erect Palpation: No swelling and tenderness No spasms Both side firm, same strength Patient was able to do the following: flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation Muscle strength Can oppose resistance applied c. Thoracolumbar spine Inspection: No deformity Vertically aligned Palpation: No swelling and tenderness No spasms Percussion No tenderness Muscle strength Can flex, extend, laterally bend and rotate spine Can oppose resistance applied d. Upper extremities Inspection: No deformity on both sides Symmetrically aligned No deviations Palpation: No swelling and tenderness No spasms No atropy Fat pads fairly solid No synovial thickening Percussion Negative tinels sign Muscle strength Can perform ROM in shoulders, elbows, wrists and hands Can oppose resistance e. Lower extremities Inspection: No deformity on both sides Symmetrically aligned No deviations Palpation: Hip joint not swollen No swelling and tenderness No spasms No atrophy Muscle strength Can perform ROM in shoulders, elbows, wrists and hands Can oppose resistance Web Assignment 1. Summarize an article discussing techniques used in assessing the musculoskeletal system. How do the components of the health history guide the assessment? http://www.medkaau.com/videos/peguide.pdf There are general and regional considerations in the article. The general considerations are as follows; the patient should be undressed and gowned as needed, some parts of the exams may not be appropriate depending on the clinical situation. Examining the musculoskeletal system is all about anatomy. When taking the patients history for acute problems, we should always inquire about the mechanism of injury, loss of function and onset of swelling or edema. Also, the initial treatment should be asked. Meanwhile, when taking the patients history for chronic problems, we should ask the patient about past injuries and treatments, effect of function, and current symptoms. There are cardinal signs of musculoskeletal disease which are pain, swelling, redness, increased warmth, deformity, and loss of function. We should always begin with inspection, palpation, and ROM regardless of the region being examined. A complete evaluation will include a focused neurologic exam of the affected area. IPPA is first used in examination then active and passive ROM exercises in specific joints. After this, vascular status, pulses, capillary refill, erythema, cyanosis, clubbing, and lymphatic are assessed. The last things to be examined are the specific tests for Upper Extremities Snuffbox Tenderness, Drop Arm Test, Impingement Sign, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Test, and Flexor Digitorum Profundus. And these are the vascular and neurologic tests; Allen Test, Phalens Test, and Tinels Sign. And these are for the lowe extremities; Collateral Ligament Testing, Lachman Test, Anterior/Posterior Drawer Test, Ballotable Patella, and Milking the Knee. For the Back are the following tests Straight Leg Raising, FABER Test which stands for Flexion, ABduction, and External Rotation of the hip. It is used to differentiate hip or sacroiliac joint pathology from spine problems.

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero The story of Beowulf is full of religious references and symbolism, but is it truly a Christian story? According to the narrative, Beowulf is an instrument of God, an instrument of righteousness called by God to perform His will for the Danes. In stark contrast to his good, is the enemy, Grendel, the incarnation of pure evil. These two characters appear to represent the forces of good versus the forces of evil. It would be easy enough to leave the story that way, but it appears that Beowulf is written intentionally to make the main characters appear more important by adding Biblical references to the narrative. By creating characters of a Biblical stature, the story as a whole has an added importance. The story was to be important enough that those who told it and those that heard it would never forget the tale. This gruesome creature was called Grendel, notorious prowler of the borderland, ranger of the moors, the fen and the fastness; this cursed creature lived in a monster's lair for a time after the Creator had condemned him as one of the seed of Cain - the Everlasting Lord avenged Abel's murder. Cain had no satisfaction from that feud, but the Creator sent him into exile, far from mankind because of his crime. He could no longer approach the throne of grace, that precious place in God's presence, nor did he feel God's love. (102-113) Grendel is likened to Cain in this passage, but he seems to show characteristics of the devil as well. He is called a prowl... ...ciety. The pagan religions were passing away and being replaced by new traditions and a new religion. Maybe this version of Beowulf is like a remake of an old movie done forty years ago. It had been revamped to fit in with the times. If it had, it was a good idea, because this "modernized" version of Beowulf has certainly stood the test of time. Works Cited Blackburn, F.A.. "The Christian Coloring in the Beowulf." In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." In Modern Critical Interpretations: Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Frank, Roberta. "The Beowulf Poet's Sense of History." In Beowulf - Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.