Domestic Violence As A Public Health Problem Essay

Domestic violence as a public health problem is studied from an epidemiological perspective. Epidemiology is the core of public health, providing insight into the causes, prevalence, and control of disease in populations. Partner abuse is defined, risk factors, prevalence, and consequences are addressed from both the civilian and military perspectives as it relates to the batterer, spouse, and children. Most of what is known about domestic violence from a scientific perspective are through a civilian lens. A growing body of research on partner abuse in the military is emerging with most studies conducted on the Army. The article reports on the results of an in-depth study of the epidemiology of partner abuse in all branches of the military. Rates of violence are higher in military populations than is civilian populations. Data further suggests that more severe forms of abuse occur in military families. Evidence-based prevention and intervention approaches were recommended with a fo cus on real and perceived barriers to treatment. The article serves as a foundation for my paper. It is scientifically based, epidemiologically focused on the definition, causes, distribution and treatment options for domestic violence. It supports my position that domestic violence is a major public health issue of civilian and military populations. The article further addresses the entire family and both the civilian and military communities. It is also one of a few sources that evaluated allShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : A Global Public Health Problem Of Epidemic Proportions, Requiring Urgent Action Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical Frameworks 3 Defining Domestic Violence 5 A Brief History 6 International Comparisons 7 Discussion of Domestic Violence 9 References 10 Executive Summary This report will offer a review of Domestic Violence in Aotearoa/New Zealand. 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The violence may include physical, sexual, emotional and financial abuse’ (Home Office 2003, p. 6). The Safety and Justice consultation paper also highlights that, ‘domestic violence occurs across society, regardless of age, gender, race, sexuality, wealth and geography. However, it is predominantly Read MoreApplying Service Delivery Models Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesU01d1 - Applying Service Delivery Models – Pat Finch * Select two contemporary problems of interest to you. Two contemporary social problems of interest are transitional housing needs for homeless mothers and domestic violence in the African American community. Fischer (2000) wrote homeless families face the economic and personal challenges of sparse employment opportunities, child care and nutrition needs, compounded by the loss of adequate housing. Those with the greatest risk of being unemployedRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1456 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence is violence between intimate partners. Intimate partners can be people who live together or people who are currently dating or have dated in the past. â€Å"Perhaps a better definition of domestic violence is emotional abuse, physical abuse, or sexual abuse between people who have at some point in time had an intimate or family relationship.† (AAETS). Emotional abuse is when an intimate partner has continuously criticized you, manipulated you with lies, and humiliated you in public or

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~CSB RG, 344-45, 351-55, 359-61 ~Amos 1-4 = CSB, 1265-70 After reading these passages, read one more: Amos 5:21-24 (CSB, 1271). Verse 24 contains that famous line from Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech (August 28, 1963. See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smEqnnklfYs, 10:32 ff). How does your knowledge of Amos’ message prompt you to interpret Dr. King’s message? How does Dr. King’s particular indictments of northern and southern states mirror Amos’ criticisms of Judah and Israel? How do Dr. King’s appeals to the â€Å"promissory notes† of the Emancipation Proclamation and the Declaration of Independence mirror Amos’ Deuteronomic/prophetic appeal to Israel’s covenant with God? (Note that for Dr. King, the violation of†¦show more content†¦How does this chapter fit the pattern of a â€Å"covenant lawsuit† (see CSB RG, 360; cf. 352)? What has God done for the tribes of Israel? What two kinds of service are demanded of Israel in retur n (think two â€Å"tables† of the Law/Decalogue)? Which one is emphasized here? Can the former service (faith/worship) be acceptable to God without the latter (good works)? Which do you think is more important: right worship and belief (orthodoxy) or right ethical commitments and actions (orthopraxy)? (Hint: this last sub-question is a trick question.) This chapter fits the pattern of a covenant lawsuit because of the event of Yahweh accusing Israel of breaking the covenant through their lack of justice and honesty, after the pattern of the kings of Israel. God granted a good measure of prosperity for the tribes of Israel. The two kinds of service are demanded of Israel in return are to believe in God and worship his word. I believe worshiping his word is more emphasized because it encourages people do what God says and spread his word rather than mindlessly believing in God. The former service (faith/worship) can not be acceptable to God without the latter because it would d o any justice to God if you were to believe in him without preaching his faith. I believe both orthodoxy and orthopraxy are just as important as eachother. In this and your other readings for this class session, what did you find to be the most

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 4 Free Essays

Before you get the wrong impression, I didn’t shoot her. I spun around, coming face-to-face with my boss, Sheriff Clyde Johnston. â€Å"Were you gonna shoot that pistol or whistle Dixie?† he grumbled. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Clyde wasn’t three-quarters Indian, he’d be a good old boy to rival them all. As it was, his belly stretched his sheriff’s shirt to bursting, the chew in his mouth garbled his speech, and the size of his gun made me remember old jokes about large weapons and small male equipment. His habit of parroting lines from Clint Eastwood movies in normal conversation frayed the patience of better men than me. His Clint fixation also explained why we carried .44 Magnums in Miniwa when a lot of other departments had moved into the world of semiautomatic weapons. But I agreed with Clyde that revolvers were more reliable than the newfangled automatics, which required a higher quality of ammunition and had a habit of misfiring. When dealing with guns, I vote for reliability over speed any day. My ears ringing from the volume of the blast, I ran across the room and picked up the little boy. He was still unconscious. A quick glance at the other body, principal from the cut of the suit, revealed he was as dead as Karen Larson, though not from the same cause. Her head sported a large hole. The principal’s neck did. â€Å"Guess .44 Magnum is the most powerful handgun in the world,† Clyde observed. â€Å"Nearly blew her head clean off.† This was a bit much, even for me. I headed for the door with the kid and left Clyde to clean up after himself for a change. He took one glance at my face and didn’t stop me. The EMTs were in the hall. I handed the boy to the nearest one. â€Å"This is the only known injury. The others are fatalities.† The woman gave a quick, capable nod as she checked him over. â€Å"What’s his name?† â€Å"Don’t know. He was unconscious when I got here. He might not even be hurt. That’s not his blood or – † I broke off. No need to detail what else wasn’t his. â€Å"Right,† she said. â€Å"We’ll take it from here.† They whisked him off to points unknown, and though I didn’t want to, I returned to the crime scene. Clyde had everything under control. He might look like a fool, but he wasn’t. That’s how he’d stayed sheriff of Miniwa for thirty years. The Indians trusted him, and the white folks held him up as their token native. That he was smart as a shiny new shoe and had never allowed a crime to go unpunished on his watch didn’t hurt, either. He hovered near the scene, intent on preserving it until the techs and the medical examiner arrived. Miniwa being such a small community, we shared both with Clearwater, across the lake, and several other tiny towns. As I entered the room, Clyde glanced up, then quirked a dark, bushy brow. â€Å"Tell me, Jessie, how is it I find little ol’ you in the middle of this great big mess?† Only a man the size of Clyde would consider me little. I’d be fond of him for that alone, if I were capable of it. â€Å"I was following up on a case.† He frowned. â€Å"Which case?† Since he’d just come on duty and I’d just gone off, Clyde wouldn’t have seen my report yet, even if I had filed one. â€Å"Minor traffic accident. Miss Larson hit a wolf.† â€Å"Who?† I waved my hand in the direction of body number two. â€Å"Oh. So?† Quickly I filled him in on the details. Wham, bam, down goes the wolf. Nip the hand, chase through the night, no sign of the animal. Then Miss Larson nixing the rabies shots and her subsequent need for them. I left out the naked Indian part. Clyde wouldn’t be interested. â€Å"Huh,† he muttered. â€Å"Papers are gonna have a field day.† I groaned. Small towns had little to do but gossip. The incidents of the past twelve hours were going to turn into a major media event and quite possibly a serious problem. There’d be gunmen in the woods searching for a rabid wolf – DNR orders be damned. We’d have panic-stricken citizens shooting stray dogs and maybe even stray people. â€Å"Exactly.† Clyde spit a brown stream into a nearby garbage can. Hadn’t anyone informed him of the horrors of tongue cancer? â€Å"Maybe you oughta just keep the wolf story to yourself, hmm?† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"No buts. You know what’ll happen. Once we take care of the wolf, we’ll tell the truth. Where’s the harm in that?† True. However – â€Å"I’ll have to talk to Brad and Zee,† I said. â€Å"But they shouldn’t be a problem.† Clyde grunted. â€Å"Good. Do that.† â€Å"There’s also a doctor at the clinic – â€Å" â€Å"I’ll talk to him.† â€Å"Okay.† I stood there, uncertain. I wanted to ask Clyde a question, but I wasn’t sure how. â€Å"You gotta be draggin’ , Jessie. Go home. Sleep. I can handle this.† â€Å"Not much left to handle,† I muttered, eyes on the bodies. I felt his sharp glare. â€Å"You got somethin’ else to say? Say it.† He knew as well as I did that I couldn’t leave until reinforcements arrived. Clyde had just shot a civilian. There were procedures to follow, not the least of which was taking his gun and giving my statement as a witness. I really shouldn’t have left him in the room alone, but what choice did I have with an unconscious child in my arms? Clyde was a good cop. He’d already bagged his gun. The pistol lay on one of the desks, an obscene reminder of too many other guns in schools. â€Å"Jessie?† Clyde prompted. I continued to hesitate. Clyde had been sheriff since before I was born; who was I to question his methods? Still I couldn’t go home and sleep without asking. My curiosity wouldn’t let me. â€Å"Did you have to hit her in the head, Clyde? I mean – † I shrugged, spread my hands. â€Å"Wouldn’t the leg have worked just as well?† â€Å"I’ve seen perps keep comin’ with bullets in their leg, gut, chest, back. But I’ve never seen any get up after I put one between their eyes.† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"She was stark ravin’ loony. She’d already killed one man and she had a kid in her hands. You wanna argue head or leg with that boy’s mama?† â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"I didn’t think you would.† Clyde stared at me for a moment, as if taking my measure. Before he could say anything else, the crime scene techs and two of our officers arrived and got to work. I gave my statement and was released. The medical examiner had not yet arrived to pronounce the victims. Nothing new there. Dr. Prescott Bozeman was a fuckup if ever there was one. I glanced at Clyde and received a sharp nod. â€Å"We know where to find you if we need you, Jessie Mc-Quade.† All the way home I wondered why his words sounded like a threat when I knew that they weren’t. I managed to sleep a few hours, but something in my subconscious kept pricking at me. A jumble of memories tumbled through my dreams, conversations, medical jargon, a swinging golden earring, and a wolf totem. I awoke with the midafternoon sun shining hot across my bed. I’d forgotten to pull the heavy curtains I’ d purchased so I could sleep in the daytime and work all night. I had to have been exhausted to forget, equally exhausted to sleep through the brightest part of the day. But now I was awake, and a question kept pounding in my head like the ache pounding behind my eyes. What was wrong with this picture ? I crawled into the kitchen, turned on the coffeemaker, shoved my mug onto the hot plate until it was full, then slammed the carafe into place. The totem bothered me. If it had been on the road before Karen hit the wolf, it should have been dust. If she’d been wearing it, then why had I found the thing so far from the car? The only other explanation was the wolf had been wearing the necklace, and I had a hard time buying that. I yanked out the notes I’d made while I waited for the doctor to speak to me. There it was in blue and white. Karen had said the wolf was chasing†¦ something. I figured a rabbit, but they didn’t wear necklaces, either. Though I was sure the totem would turn out to be nothing important, still its presence at the crime scene disturbed me. I decided to discover what the thing meant and who might have been wearing it. I poured more coffee and took the cup into the shower with me. One of the joys of living alone – I could pretty much do anything I wanted, whenever I wanted, and no one would say a word. Not that anyone ever had. My mother disapproved of me, sure. I’d known that even before she skipped off to a real city before I turned nineteen. But she would never have been so crass as to nag or bitch, which made me wonder why my dad had skipped ahead of her. As I’d concluded on those other occasions when I’d wondered, it had to be me he’d been leaving behind. I had my hair full of shampoo when another jolt of brilliance hit me. Not only was the totem an annoying loose end, but there was something about Miss Larson’s rabies that wasn’t quite right. After rinsing my hair none too thoroughly, I wrapped myself in a towel and dripped from the bathroom into the living room, where I tapped a few commands into my computer. Rabies information poured onto the screen like water into a storm sewer. â€Å"Aha!† I exclaimed, and hit the print button. Rabies had an incubation period in humans from one to three months. If a person was bitten near the brain, or an area that contained a lot of nerve endings such as the hand – bingo – symptoms would be accelerated. But I doubted that meant from a few months to a few hours. If not rabies, then what had turned Miss Larson into a mad killer? I’m not saying that being a teacher is conducive to sanity, but eating the principal is taking things a bit too far. I needed to have a talk with the medical examiner. â€Å"He isn’t in.† I’d taken a chance and shown up at the medical examiner’s office without calling first. I should have known better. We had our share of death in Miniwa; however, the deaths were usually quite easily explained. People wandered off up here more than they did other places. If their bodies were ever recovered, an exception and not a rule, they were not in stellar condition. The last murder had been ten years past, an open-and-shut case of two men, a woman, and a gun. No mystery there. The guy with the gun had done it, leaving very little in the way of medical examination. Which was lucky, because Prescott Bozeman wasn’t much of an examiner. I stood in his outer office, scowling at his perfectly made up and exquisitely dressed secretary. â€Å"It’s three-thirty on a weekday,† I said. â€Å"Where is he?† â€Å"Not in.† I ground my teeth. Bozeman had gotten away with being lazy in Miniwa because there wasn’t a whole helluva lot to do. But you’d think that when he did have something, he’d do it. You’d think. â€Å"Did he even make it to the scene this morning?† â€Å"He was unavailable.† I resisted the urge to smack myself in the forehead. I’d only make my headache worse. â€Å"Who pronounced the victims?† â€Å"I couldn’t say.† â€Å"Could you say when Bozeman might get around to doing his job?† Her lips pursed. She didn’t like me. Fancy that. Her eyes wandered from my shorn hair, which was neither blond nor brown but somewhere in between, a color a woman like her could never leave alone, past my gray miniwa pd T-shirt, to my well-loved and much-worn jeans, which made her pert nose wrinkle. But it was my expensive running shoes that confounded her. Why would a woman like me, who obviously cared nothing for my appearance or my clothes, spend over a hundred dollars on shoes? Because happy feet made a happy person. I’d learned that the hard way in cop school. I took in her three-inch spike heels and sneered. Lucky she sat on her ass all day or she might be a cripple before she was thirty. If not from the angle of those nosebleeders, then from falling off of them one too many times. I’m tall enough not to bother with high heels, not that I would even if I were an itty-bitty woman like this one. But I could tell, even before she sneered right back at me, that she had classic short person’s complex. Being tall was a crime and she was the judge, jury, and executioner. Guess what that made me? â€Å"As you’d know if you’d bothered to check, Officer – â€Å" The way she said â€Å"Officer† was reminiscent of the way I said â€Å"scum-sucking leech,† not that I said it so often, but you get the drift. â€Å"Dr. Bozeman is not in on Tuesdays.† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Ever.† â€Å"There’s been an incident.† â€Å"I’m well aware of that.† â€Å"He couldn’t come in today and take off tomorrow?† â€Å"Unlike yours, Officer, Dr. Bozeman’s clients aren’t going to run away if he isn’t looking. They’ll still be here when he is.† Small towns. Gotta love ‘ em. Or else go crazy living in ’em. When I exited the office, after leaving my name, various numbers, and a request for Bozeman’s final report, I slammed the door. Childish, I know. So slap me. The next item on my agenda was finding a Native American totem expert. This proved a bit more difficult than I’d thought, considering I lived in a county that boasted a nearly fifty-fifty ratio of Indians to everyone else. But I couldn’t exactly walk into the Coffee Pot on Center Street and ask the resident counter warmer where I could find such an expert. Zee, usually the authority on everything, knew nothing. Like most residents, she wasn’t a big supporter of the Indians. They had their lives, she had hers, and never the two should meet. This was the opinion of a lot of the old folks, on both sides of the fence, and too many young ones as well. I could drive out to the reservation and ask around, but my best bet was Miniwa University. Situated on the largest acreage at the far side of Clearwater Lake, the college had once been a boarding school back in the days when the government had taken Indian children away from their parents and tried to raise them white. Every time I saw the school, I cringed. What had they been thinking? They hadn’t been. Eventually someone had seen the idea for what it was – stupid – and all the children were sent back to where they’d come from. The buildings had slowly reverted to their original use. Learning. Miniwa was primarily a liberal arts university. However, many of the local Indian scholars, and quite a few from other tribes, became visiting lecturers for a semester or two. I was confident that someone would know someone who knew something about the totem in my pocket. I was right. Within five minutes I was directed to the office of William Cadotte, visiting professor from Minnesota and, conveniently, an expert on Native American totems. I’d heard the name. Cadotte was also an activist, a purveyor of the old ways, to many a troublemaker. Clyde had him on our handy-dandy watch list, though for what I wasn’t quite sure. I followed the directions to a corner office. William Cadotte had been scrawled on a piece of paper and taped to the wall. The door was ajar. I glanced inside. The place was the size of a storage closet, the chairs piled with books. Tiny bits of wood, metal, and stone were scattered across the surface of the desk. With no window, the room smelled stale; the lighting was murky. A shuffle from the shadows made me straighten and step back. He was inside. I tapped a knuckle against the door. I expected Dr. Cadotte to be elderly, with a lined, brown face, heavily veined hands, and a waist-length iron gray ponytail. No such luck. The door swung open. I didn’t recognize him at first. But then, he was wearing clothes. How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 4, Essay examples

European Colonization of the Americas and What It Meant for Native Tribes free essay sample

European colonization of what would become North America was motivated by various reasons, including the desire for religious freedom, profit, or a chance to start over. The colonies were populated by religious groups seeking freedom to practice their religions without interference from England, indentured servants, debtors seeking a clean slate, settlers hoping to find a profit and people who were brought to America involuntarily as slaves from Africa. The establishment of European colonies in North America meant dealing with the Native American tribes who had already lived in the area for centuries. More often than not, colonists treated the native peoples as lesser beings and savages, and tensions between natives and Europeans led to many inhumane acts and deaths, particularly deaths of the native peoples. English colonization took many trial and error attempts before they were able to establish the famed thirteen colonies that would eventually go on to become the United States of America. Despite the catchy assertion that â€Å"in 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue† and became the first person to discover the â€Å"New World†, he was not the first foreigner to set foot in what would become North America. Aside from the native tribes that had already been in the Americas for centuries, there was another group of people to find America before Columbus. The Vikings were the first to discover what would become North America. However, the Vikings did not remain in the area and their discovery of North America became something of a Viking legend. In 1492 an explorer named Christopher Columbus set out to find a new route to Asia in order to maximize the efficiency of the spice trade between Asia and Europe. Instead of discovering a shorter route to Asia, Columbus stumbled across the new world that would come to be known as America. Though his discovery is referred to as the new world, there were countless groups of Native American tribes who had been living in America for centuries and had their own cultures and ways of life. Columbus did not arrive in the new world with an open mind regarding the native populations. Like many people at the time, Columbus regarded those with a skin color different from his own to be inferior. On Columbus’ second trip to America, he wrote a letter to the King and Queen suggesting that they enslave a large portion of the Native American population. â€Å"Their Highnesses will see that I can give them as much gold as they desire nd as many slaves as they choose to send for, all heathens† (Columbus’ first letter, 1493) After the monarchy refused this suggestion, Columbus proceeded to enslave the native peoples regardless. 1,200 natives were taken from their homes and enslaved by Columbus. 560 of these natives were forcibly sent on a ship to Spain where 200 of t hem died of illness during the trip (Weatherford). In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh established the colony of Roanoke on an island off of present-day North Carolina. Roanoke became the first European colony established in America. The charter to establish Roanoke was granted to Raleigh by the Queen Elizabeth I with the intentions of discovering riches in America as well as having a base from which the privateers she had commissioned could raid Spanish ships. The colony of Roanoke survived for three years before mysteriously disappearing, earning it the title â€Å"the lost colony†. One of the most commonly held beliefs regarding Roanoke’s fate, is that trouble with the native populations led to the deaths of several colonists, while the rest integrated into the Native lifestyle rather than face starvation or death by other means. In 1534 Jacques Cartier, an explorer for France, founded the settlement New France in the area of present-day Canada and the northern US. The French had a better relationship with the native inhabitants than any of the other countries that had, or would colonize the Americas. The French realized that trouble with the natives could be detrimental and that a positive relationship with them could be beneficial. The French treated the natives with respect instead of viewing them as savages or lesser beings like the Spanish and British did. The French established a polite trading system of fur with the Native Americans. The French’s respect for the indigenous peoples would later be rewarded by the native’s help in the French and Indian War between the colonial French and the colonial British. A group of French Protestants called the Huguenots settled in what would become the southern US, but were eventually killed or driven away by colonial Spain to the south. In 1624, the Dutch settled the area of present day New York and New Jersey. They named their settlement New Amsterdam. The Dutch remained in the area until 664 when the British took over the colonies and renamed part New York and part New Jersey. The British also gained the colony of New Sweden from the Dutch, which went on to become a part of present-day Delaware. By the year 1600 the Spanish had established an expansive empire in America from present-day California to present day Florida, and down into Central America. The Spanish sought to expand their empire in the search of a profit and also to spread their Catholic faith. The Spanish obtained this vast empire by destroying the native peoples that stood between them and conquest. The three well-known cultures that were decimated during the Spanish conquest of the Americas were the Aztecs, the Maya and the Inca. In 1565, the Spanish attacked and took the French’s colonial settlement of Fort Caroline, killing 200 settlers. The Spanish then renamed the settlement St. Augustine. The Spanish desire for expansion would later cause tension between colonial Spain and colonial Britain. In 1606, King James I of England sold charters to the Plymouth Company and to the London Virginia Company. The charter was divided between the two companies, giving the Plymouth Company the northern half in the current-day Maine area. The colony established by the Plymouth Company did not succeed and was soon abandoned. With their Southern half of the charter, The London Virginia Company established the colony of Jamestown, Virginia which would become the first overseas English colony to succeed. The colonists of Jamestown faced many hardships in their first few years. The settlers of Jamestown arrived in the area at an inopportune time, as the area was experiencing a severe drought that made the cultivation of crops impossible. The lack of food resulted in many colonists dying of starvation. Aside from the drought, the settlers also experienced encounters from the native tribes who did not welcome their presence. Many settlers were killed by the Native Americans in the area, particularly in the long-standing rivalry that ensued between colonists and the neighboring tribes and resulted in the deaths of colonists and natives alike. Many other colonists died of diseases as a result of their malnutrition (Wolfe). When trouble with the neighboring Powhatan tribe finally subsisted, the colonists were introduced to the idea of using tobacco as a cash crop. With the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop the colony was finally able to succeed, though a darker issue arose from this success. As the tobacco trade became more and more successful for the colony, the issue arose of how to work the fields while spending the least amount of money on labor. Thus began America’s dark history of slavery. Several colonies were founded in order to seek religious freedom that was not offered in England. In 1620, a group of Protestants called the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. The Pilgrims chose to settle in America in order to be able to freely practice their religion. Nine years later, another religious group called the Puritans established a colony called the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Puritans were unaccepting of other religions and established their colony in order to be able to practice their religion and also to be able to keep other religions out. In 1681, yet another colony was established for religious regions. William Penn, a Quaker, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in order to create a haven where Quakers could live and practice their beliefs in peace. In 1670, the establishment of the colony of Carolina was funded by a private group of Englishmen who were seeking to make a profit off of the colony. Carolina was settled but initially failed because no one had any motivation to move to the area. The colony of Carolina finally succeeded once farmable land was found in present-day Charleston. The establishment of South Carolina was motivated by the desire for profit, rather than for religious reasons as was the case in some of the other colonies. The motivations of the Carolinian settlers became apparent in their actions. Since they were profit-driven rather than being driven by religion as with some of the other colonies, the colonists of Carolina were most interested in how to maximize profits and did not mind if other people were hurt in order for their businesses to flourish. The Carolinian settlers came mainly from the British colony of Barbados, and they brought African slaves along with them. Being profit motivated, South Carolina began a trading relationship with the Caribbean Islands. Among the â€Å"items† traded were Native Americans that had been kidnapped and enslaved by the Carolinians in order to trade them to the Caribbean. Alongside their atrocities committed against the natives, the settlers of Carolina also brought in slaves from Africa to work in rice fields once they decided that slaves were cheaper to maintain than indentured servants. In 1733, the southern colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe in order to separate the colony of Carolina from the Spanish-populated Florida area due to tensions between Spain and Britain. These tensions were caused by Spain’s desire to be ever-expanding, and their history of attacking and taking over colonies that were close by. The English helped add to this tension through the practice of English privateers frequently raiding Spanish ships, stealing their gold or supplies and killing anyone in the way. Since the idea of living in a colony created as a buffer between two rivaling areas is not particularly appealing, Oglethorpe did not expect anyone to willingly settle in Georgia. This opened the question of how Georgia would be settled. The answer became a solution to another of England’s issues what to do with their large number of debtors. At the time in England to be in debt meant to remain in prison until the debt could be paid. James Oglethorpe pitied the debtors who could not pay their debts, and this pity gave him an idea that would solve two problems at once. The colony of Georgia was populated by debtors in England who were given the choice of colonization or remaining in prison in England until their debts could be paid. During the time of colonization, as many as 300,000 colonists were indentured servants (US-History. om). An indentured servant was a person whose boat fare, housing and food were all paid by the person who hires them. In exchange, the indentured servant entered into a contract and agreed to work for their master for as many years as it took for their debt to be paid off. Indentured servants worked in fields or as house servants and often were not treated well. While indentured servants did enter into the contract voluntarily, it was only because they could not afford to go to America on their own and they desperately wanted a chance to start over in the new world. As it became too expensive to keep indentured servants, colonists who owned plantations began to look for cheaper ways to work their fields. Between 1500 and 1800, over half of the population of the colonies consisted of African slaves who were brought to America against their will (Brinkley, 18). Many colonists and slave owners viewed African slaves as primitives and hardly regarded them as being human at all. The slaves were not given wages or promised freedom after a set number of years as with indentured servitude, but instead were regarded as the permanent property of the person who purchased them. The colonist’s poor treatment of anyone with a skin color different from theirs was also exhibited in their treatment of the Native Americans. As aforementioned, some colonies such as South Carolina forcibly enslaved the native populations and sold them in order to make a profit. The colonists also encroached on the native’s lands and were eager to expand westward without any regard for the native’s homes or lands. Colonists frequently regarded the natives as savages who were uncivilized and, like the Africans, hardly human. During colonization, several wars broke out between the settlers and the Native Americans. The war between the Powhatan tribe and the Virginians began when the colonist Captain John Smith began stealing food and supplies from the Native Americans as well as kidnapping several of them. Another dispute caused by the mistreatment of the Native Americans was King Philip’s War which began as a result of the natives defending themselves when the English colonists began to demand that the natives be held under the English colonist’s rule (Umass. edu). Another dispute between colonists and natives known as Bacon’s Rebellion began when a native tribe attacked the plantation of a colonist who had not paid them for goods. Colonists then returned attack on the wrong tribe of natives. Several native chiefs were killed throughout the dispute and some innocent and friendly natives were kidnapped by colonists (nps. gov). In conclusion, the new world was settled by many different kinds of people with many different motivations. Some settled in order to seek religious freedom, while others sought a profit, and some to escape their debt while others were brought to the colonies forcibly as slaves. Several colonies were only able to thrive by depending on the institution of slavery. The colonies also settled without any regard for the Native Americans who had already been living in the area. Many natives lost their lives in war with the colonists and many more lost their lives as a result of unfamiliar diseases brought over by the colonists. It took many failed colonies before the new world was settled by Europeans. After the colonization of Georgia in 1733, the English had established 13 English colonies in North America. They had also developed a successful economy grounded in tobacco, rice, and slavery.

Heros And Old Man And The Sea Essays - The Old Man And The Sea

Heros And Old Man And The Sea Hemingway and a Hero Erin Elizabeth Ellen Fowler Period 3 Mrs. Haughey Outline 1. The Hemingway Code is an idea of what all heroes have in common. 2. One of Hemingways best novels was The Old Man and the Sea fore it was a story of skill. 3. The Old Man and the Sea was a story of courage from Santiagos point of view. 4. Also a story of courage from the fishs point of view. 5. Victory in the soul but in reality, defeat, was demonstrated in this novel. 6. Santiago earned his pride and self-respect from his suffering. 7. Hemingways way of writing is directed towards the eye rather than the ear. 8. Fear is always present and Hemingway made sure you felt the momentary truce, of facing a fear, in a hopeless battle. 9. One of the symbols constantly mentioned in the story is that of the great baseball player Joe DiMaggio. The Old Man and the Sea is a beloved novel because of the style in which Hemingway writes, his idea of a hero, and how he applied it affectively. The code for his heroes way in which they act with courage, always strive to prove them selves one more time, not to complain about their suffering. The writing techniques brought the story in to full multimedia life by letting the reader see what is going on. Finally, the way it all just seems to fit together in the end. The Hemingway code is an idea of what all heroes have in common. In the words of Irving Howe, There emerges...the characteristics hero of the Hemingway world: the hero who was wounded the bears his wound in silence who is sensitive to but scorns to devalue his feelings into words who is defeated but finds a remnant of dignity in an honest confrontation of defeat.(232) This code is a code of honor to all who attain it. Even in today's life we can find this hero. Take a fireman, there is a fire ripping a building to shreds with its furry. The firemen come in to the blazing wreck insuring that they will get burnt. Bearing their wounds in silence. When they save the last family in that building they would cheer and go on how brave he was and he would think of it as a days work. But, if he did not save that last family member he would find pride in not having all the family members died in the building. What is the Hemingway Code? Its had the fear of death on your back but you will still fight on. And, even if you do not completely finish the task you still find pride in what you did. One of Hemingways best novels was The Old Man and the Sea fore it was a story of skill. Santiago, the hero, is an elderly man tanned and wrinkled from fishing all his life and from that he is skilled with the art of the task. He kept {the lines} Straighter than anyone did, so that at each level in the darkness of the stream there would be a bait waiting exactly where he wished it to be for any fish that swam there.(32) This alone shows how precise he was about fishing, proving his skills of a fisherman. If he did not keep the lines straight down they can all be at the same level. Then, only the fish around that one level, which would a shallower part of water, could smell and maybe take the bait. At that if it was in shallow water where the smaller fish are he cannot have gotten as big as a fish as he did. For, as the author wrote, the fish he caught took the bait closer to the bottom of the gulf. The dolphin and the flying fish, which are smaller, took the bait closer the surface of the water. If Santiago did not have the skill, which you need to be a fisherman, this novel would not have had a point. For, he would not have even caught the fish. Than there would not have been a story, which is, why this story is about skill. The Old Man and the Sea

The differences in news organizations

The differences in news organizations Sources Four news organisations will be used in this study. The first two may not be as well known as the others so before going any further it is important to clarify the credibility of these sources. The first one is the Jerusalem Post and it was founded in 1932. In their official website it claims that it is Israels best-selling English daily and most-read English website.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The differences in news organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second one is the Haaretz Newspaper in Israel. It is an organisation that â€Å"provides extensive and in-depth coverage of Israel, the Jewish World and the Middle East† and everything that occurs within these regions including defence policies, Arab-Israeli conflict and even the peace process.2 The other sources comes from the BBC News and CBC News Canada. Jerusalem Post The article from taken from the Jerusalem Post provided the m ost in-depth discussion of the Palestinian refugees problem. Using this article as the point of comparison, the other three sources will be studied on their treatment of the said subject matter. Going back to the Jerusalem Post it has to be pointed out that the article was written by a guest columnist. His name is Alon Ben-Meir and it can be presumed safely that he is an Israeli who happens to be a Professor of International Relations at New York University. Ben-Meir identified key elements of the refugee problem such as the idea of resettlement, homeland, and coming home to the State of Israel. Ben-Meir argued not only on the urgency of the problem but also discussed a possible solution. Ben-Meir clarified the issue even further by saying that this is not just a political problem but also a humanitarian concern because there are at least 4.5 million refugees according to UN records.3 The author also said that it is imperative that the surrounding nations, the UN and the nations all over the world should assist in one way or another in order to resolve this issue once and for all. Ben-Meir added two crucial statements, he said that refugees cannot afford to wait for the peace talks to be finalized and then he said that the European Union should take the lead.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He cited the economic and political clout possessed by the EU as the main reason why they should initiate the final solution to the problem. He also pointed out the propensity of the Arab States to gravitate towards the EU and not the United States because of the perceived close ties that the Americans have with the Israelis. Haaretz Newspaper In the Haaretz Newspaper the article the title contained the terms â€Å"concession on rights to return.† First of all there was no discussion with regards to the urgent need to help refugees resettle or ret urn to their homeland. The issue immediately centred on the fact that there were secret deals that were made to limit the number of refugees that will be allowed to go back to their homelands. In the previous article the number of refugees was estimated to be only 4.5 million but this time around the estimate reached 5 million Palestinian refugees. BBC News In the BBC News article, the emphasis was on the culpability of the Israelis for the war of 1948 was the main reason why 700,000 Palestinians were displaced. The Israeli government countered with the statement that â€Å"most Palestinian refugees left to avoid a war instigated by neighbouring Arab states though it admits a handful of expulsions and unauthorised killings.†4 The article also stated that aside from the 1948 war there was also the 1967 war that displaced hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and that the accurate tally reached up to 6 million refugees. The Israeli government disputes this number. CBC News Cana da In CBC News Canadas Special Report, the emphasis was on the reason why the Palestinian refugees left in the first place. It is implied that when the Jews established a Jewish State hundreds of thousands of people were displaced and that the diaspora of 700,000 Palestinians resulted in the 4.7 million refugees that exists today. The report also focused on the state of the Palestinian refugees that fled to Lebanon, and the author remarked that, â€Å"While in countries such as Jordan and Syria, Palestinians can attend local schools, access government services, participate fully in the job market and even acquire citizenship, in Lebanon, they remain marginalized and are considered to be among the poorest in the diaspora.†5Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The differences in news organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences in Reporting There are significant differences in reporting. The first maj or issue that these news sites could not agree on is the number of the Palestinian refugees. The Jerusalem Post said that there are 4.5 million while the Haaretz said that there are 5 million refugees. On the other hand the BBC made the assertion that the total number of refugees numbered 6 million while the CBC Canada had a the second lowest estimate and it is 4.7 million refugees. There is also differences in focus or the way the reporters frame the events. Others see it as a political problem related to the peace process while other see it as a humanitarian problem and thus puts pressure on authorities to resolve it as quickly as possible because the lives of millions of people are at stake. Others nitpicked on the kinds of assistance that must be extended to the refugees. There is an argument whether the Palestinians must be absorbed by host nations, if they are supposed to be sent back to their original homes or at least given the chance to go back to their homeland. Explanatio n The differences in the reporting can be understood from the point of view of the reporters and their bias towards a particular subject matter. For example the Jerusalem Post, through their guest columnist emphasized the need for the EU to come in and help. This can be interpreted as an appeal to the EU to assist Israel because the Jewish State could not carry the burden all by itself. Furthermore, Ben-Meir said that there are only 4.5 million refugees not five million or six million as claimed by other reporters. The low estimate can be interpreted as the reluctance of the Israelis to carry all the blame for the diaspora. The article from the Haaretz newspaper rounded-off the figure to 5 million presumably to force people to understand the gravity of the problem. It is the impossibility of absorbing these great number of people without risking the stability of the only Jewish State in the planet.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also gave emphasis to other options which is resettlement. However, there is no mention of compensation. It can be argued that the refugees had the right to be relocated and compensated for what was done to them when they were forced to leave their homes in 1948. In the case of the CBC News report the spotlight was focused on the suffering that the refugees suffered under the Israelis as well as the callousness of the Lebanon government when it comes to integrating the refugees into the local population. This can be interpreted as an attempt to force Israel and Lebanon to accept responsibility for their actions. If one will use the article from Jerusalem Post as a guide one can argue that there are so many facets to the refugee problem and yet international leaders, the Israeli government and Arab States focuses only on the areas that will benefit them. It is time to look at the problem from a humanitarian point of view. These refugees must not be seen as pawns in the ongoing Ara b-Israeli conflict. The Arab leaders must accept the fact that 4 to 6 million refugees cannot be realistically brought back within the borders of Jerusalem or even relocated into the Gaza strip. The BBC News and CBC News failed to explain another major root cause of the refugee problem. The Arab nations surrounding Israel did not agree to what was then known as the British Mandate of Palestine.6 This is crucial because the BBC and the CBC seem to paint the Israeli government in a negative light that this refugee problem was all their fault. The Palestinian refugees are more than 4 million in number, this is no longer a problem that should be tackled only by Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. It has become an international problem and requires the assistance of everyone. Bibliography Asser, Martin. â€Å"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees.† BBC News. September 2, 2010, bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11104284 Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Guest Column: Taking resp onsibility for Palestinian refugees.†Ã‚  Jerusalem Post. April 16, 2010, jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=173223. CBC News. â€Å"Special Report: Palestinian Refugees.† CBC News Canada. October 27, 2010, cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/10/26/f-lebanon.html. Haaretz Service. â€Å"Hamas urges Palestinian refugees to protest over concessions on right of return.† Haaretz.com. January 25, 2011, haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-urges-palestinian- refugees-to-protest-over-concessions-on-right-of-return-1.339120. Footnotes 1  Ben-Meir, Alon. â€Å"Guest Column: Taking responsibility for Palestinian refugees.†Ã‚  Jerusalem Post. April 16, 2010, jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=173223. 2  Haaretz Service. â€Å"Hamas urges Palestinian refugees to protest over concessions on right of return.† Haaretz.com. January 25, 2011, haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-urges-palestinian- refugees-to-protest-over-concessions-on-right -of-return-1.339120. 3  Ben-Meir. 4  Martin Asser. â€Å"Obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace: Palestinian refugees.† BBC News. September 2, 2010, bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11104284, p.1 5  CBC News. â€Å"Special Report: Palestinian Refugees.† CBC News Canada. October 27, 2010, cbc.ca/news/world/story/2010/10/26/f-lebanon.html. 6  CBC News.

How did religious and political views shape or affect the conquest of Essay

How did religious and political views shape or affect the conquest of mexico - Essay Example The temporal realm was separate from life on Earth. The Nahua believe that natural and supernatural were entwined. Another defining aspect of religious influence was blood. Spaniards believed god had sent Jesus to spill his blood, but the Nahua believed that their gods needed human blood. Each religious influence controlled the outcome of the conquest. The Spanish were Roman Catholics. Although the Spaniards were Roman Catholics, different orders would shape the conquest and eventual conversion to Catholicism. Schwartz (2000:25) explains: The conversion of the indigenous peoples of New Spain (Mexico) was carried out in the sixteenth century primarily by missionary orders: the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, and after 1574, the Jesuits. Depending upon the order, the priests would convert the Nahua and the other tribes in Mexico. The goal was to baptize and convert the people to Christianity. It must be noted that different orders handled the natives with diverse methods. Some p riests were harsh in the conversion. The Nahua had to convert, be baptized, and refute their native religion. Other orders would incorporate the local religion into their view of Christianity. It is important to note that in the end, the Christians conquered the Nahua, but the Nahua retained some of their traditions. The Nahua believed in a variety of god and goddesses. Schwartz (2000:9) states: The many gods and goddesses can perhaps be grouped into three major categories. As an agricultural people, the Mexica gave particular devotion to the gods of the earth and of fertility, to gods like Tlaloc, god of rain†¦A second group consisted of the creator deities†¦Finally, there were deities who formed part of the cult of war and sacrifice. The many gods and goddesses were entreated for rain, victory in war, and praise for creation. The impact of the religious differences between the Spanish and Nahua in the respect to gods and goddess influenced the conquest. The Spanish fough t for a trinity in one god. The Nahua asked their gods of war and sacrifice to beat the invaders. When mankind wages war for a religious purpose they will win at all costs. If a tribe is fighting for land alone it is easier to lose. The religious ties of homeland were not as important to either side. The difference was one side fought for a sole god, but the other fought for their homeland. Thus the Spaniards overcame the Nahua. Another impact religion made on the conquest of the Spanish over the Nahua was conversion. The Nahua did not want to expand their empire through conversion. The Nahua wanted to annihilate their enemies. If they conquered people, the Nahua let them keep their identity. The Spaniards wanted to conquer and convert. This provided slave labor, allies, and more resources. Different religious values of the two warring sides influenced the conquests. Christians wore crosses with arrows, swords, and other advanced weapons. Gold was not valued by the Nahua for their t raditions. However, the Christians believed in the value of gold. The Spaniards wanted the gold to give a tribute to the church. Gold could be made into crosses. The Nahua’s rituals were of complicated temples built of stone. Water, sacrifices, and other rituals made up the Nahua religion. The value of the territory made the Spaniards feel that their god wanted them to take the riches in order to further the Church’s mission of spreading Christianity throughout the world. The

Marketing Communications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Communications - Assignment Example The project makes a study of the external environment. The external environment looks favourable, especially because the world has been gradually moving out of the recession. The most favourable situation is the rapid technological advancement across countries. The use of internet has increased drastically over the years and thus has become the most popular medium of communication by most organisations. Also, there have been an increasing number of teenagers using the internet which makes the internet the most effective medium of marketing communication for brand development (Neuez, 2003, p.4). It is also seen that teenagers are the largest consumers of chocolates. The conventional method of marketing communications in the chocolate industry in UK has been the electronic media. However, the chocolate market in UK looks bright. There is also a high demand for fast food in the nation. One of the close competitors in the field is Cadburys. However, the market share of the company has re cently fallen. â€Å"Data from Nielsen, the market research company, showed Cadbury’s chunk of the chocolate market by value slipped 1.7 per cent to 29.8 per cent last month, the first time that it has fallen below 30 per cent all year† (Boyle, 2009). This situation could be used to the company’s advantage. However, there is one drawback that it would be confronting with. It might confront with a dip in the demand for chocolates as majority of the population greatly suffers from obesity. Application of Theories to Practice Scholars and marketing practitioners have been abandoning the approach of marketing mix and increasingly focussing on the process of relationship marketing and marketing communication strategies. Relationship marketing is defined as the process of establishment, development and maintenance of successful relationship exchanges. The activities involved focuses on decreasing exchange uncertainties and creating customer collaborations and commitme nt by gradually developing and adjusting with the mutual norms and routines (Andersen, 2001, p.168). If the customers can be retained over a number of transactions, both the sellers and the buyers may gain profits resulting from the previous transactions. The aim lies in the attempt to maximise profits as much as possible through the increase in the customer’s lifetime spending instead of generating profits from a single transaction. Thus the process of development of buyer and seller relationship is considered to be the numerous phases in which the trustworthiness of buyers and suppliers are put to test and â€Å"mutual norms governing exchange activities are developed† (Andersen, 2001, p.168). Scholars agree that communication is the fundamental aspect in relationship development. Communication is considered to be the quintessence behind the coordination of behaviour in an organisational setting. The entire inter-organisational distribution channel is held together b y the process of communication. Communication is defined as the way in which a message is transferred to others and also giving it an understandable meaning for everyone. The definition primarily focuses on the way in which communication

Construction management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction management - Essay Example 324). The Site Waste Management Plan regulations were introduced in the United Kingdom and particularly in England (legislation.gov.uk, 2008), due to the huge amounts of construction wastes that were abandoned at construction sites. According to the SWMP regulations, all construction projects in England with a value of  £300,000 must have a Site Waste Management Plan (Gov.uk, 9 January 2013). The regulations were passed in February 2008; however, they came into full force in April 2008. Therefore, â€Å"the regulations do not apply to any project planned before 6 April, if construction work commenced before 1 July 2008†¦apply to all projects with a value of  £300,000 or more,....additional...requirements for projects with a value of  £500,000 or more† (Hughes and Ferrett, 2011, p. 640). Through the Site Waste Management Plan regulations, a plan for managing the disposal of waste during the whole of a construction project is provided (Wrap, 2013). Using information based on the design of a building at the preconstruction stage, estimated quantities of waste that a site can produce are identified using the Site Waste Management Plan. Consequently, the best decisions on the most economical ways to manage construction waste are also identified. Therefore, the reason behind the introduction of the Site Waste Management Plan regulations 2008, â€Å"is to ensure that the element of waste generation is thought about right from the design and specification stage and facilitate the selection of the construction methods and materials that would effectively minimise waste generation† (Chartered Institute of Building , 2010, p. 199). Other objectives of the Site Waste Management plans 2008 are also to boost the amount of construction waste that is found, reused, and recycled, and improve the efficiency of construction materials. Prevention of illegal waste action is another objective of the

Diagnostic Test Related Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

Diagnostic Test Related Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay Both of these can reveal levels of various minerals and other substances indicating disease or a musculoskeletal disorder. The levels of certain protein in the blood may also help diagnose a disease. Blood and Urine samples are the most common tests used to diagnose problems within the musculoskeletal system. Also, prior to surgery, blood samples are used to detect bleeding tendencies. Urinary N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen or N-Tx and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) both reflects increased osteoclast activity and increased bone resorption. b. Nerve Conduction Studies It is used to measure the electrical activity of muscles when a muscle fiber contracts to determine if the muscles and nerves are working properly. It is performed by stimulating a peripheral nerve at several points along its course and recording the muscle action potential or the sensory action potential that results. Usually, surface or needle electrodes are used. It is placed on the skin over the nerve to stimulate the nerve fibers. A technique called truax biography will show nerve conduction patterns, which changes in various muscle and nerve diseases. c. Imaging Procedures X-Ray Studies Bone X-Rays determines the bone density, erosion, and changes in bone relationships. It is used to diagnose broken bones or joint dislocations, guide orthopaedic surgery such as spine repair or infusion, assist in detection and diagnose of bone cancer, and locate foreign objects around soft tissues and in bones. Joint X-Rays reveal fluid irregularity, spur formation, narrowing and changes in joint structure. It is used to detect degenerative conditions on the joints, fractures, and tumors. Multiple X-Rays with multiple views are also needed for full assessment of the structure being examined. Computed Tomography It is used to identify the location and extent of fractures in areas that are difficult to evaluate such as acetabulum. It can be performed with or without the use of contrast agents and can illustrate a detailed specific plane of involved bone and can also reveal tumors of the soft tissues or injuries to the ligaments or tendons. Magnetic Resonance Imaging It can demonstrate abnormalities such as tumors and narrowing of tissue pathways through the bone. It is a noninvasive procedure and electromagnets are used that is why patients with any metal implants, clips or pacemakers cannot have an MRI. IV contrast agent are used to enhance visualization. Arthrography It identifies acute or chronic tears of the joint capsule or supporting ligaments of the knee, shoulder, ankle, hip, or wrist. A radiopaque contrast agent or air is used. It is injected into the joint cavity to visualize the irregular surfaces. The joint will be put through its ROM to distribute the contrast agent accompanied by a series of X-Rays. If the contrast agent leaks, it means a tear is present. 2. Discuss musculoskeletal changes associated with the aging process. Aging leads to changes in balance, cartilage and bone tissue. The normal aging process does not need to have limited movements. Mobility is affected by personal lifestyle and the degree of activity that the individual has maintained throughout their life. Although, some of the limitations of mobility occurs as a result of fear, such as fear of falling. a. Changes in Balance The maintenance of balance relies on integrating responses from the visual system, vestibular system in the inner ear and the proprioceptors in the muscles and joints. And with aging, older people requires greater angular movement in joints for proprioception to be achieved. b. Cartilaginous Changes There is loss in the normal elastic properties of cartilage due to an increase in water loss and deposition of fibers. The increased fiber density in connective tissue and cartilage produces a mesh or interconnection for the deposition of calcium. And this accounts fot the increased calcification of cartilage with aging. The hyaline cartilage also loses fluid and is converted to fibrocartilage. The articular cartilage changes with the elasticity being lost. Thinning occurs over the weight bearing areas which affects functioning such as the changes in the menisci of the knee joint that will inhibit free movement. The loss of water from cartilage in the intervertebral discs leads to compaction of the vertebrae and shrinkage of the spinal column, which is seen as a loss in height. Many joint of the body becomes stiffened with aging. The height loss is also affected by joint changes and by the flattening of the arc of the foot. c. Bone Changes Osteoporosis is a normal aging process as the androgen decreases. It is an imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation. If it is severe, it may cause fractures and may lead to bowing of the long bones and to an increase in spinal curvature due to vertebral collapse. 3. Discuss patient preparation for an arthroscopy. Arthroscopy is a procedure used to directly visualize a joint to diagnose joint disorders. Various treatments can also be performed through the arthroscope such as treatment of tears, defects, and disease processes. Arthroscopy is most often performed as an outpatient procedure. It is a essentially a bloodless procedure with generally few complications. It is performed in the operating room under sterile conditions. Injection of local anesthesia into the joint or general anesthesia, a spinal or epidural anesthesia is used. The patient should be able to tolerate the anesthetic agent used. Heart and lung function should be adequate. Existing problems such as emphysema should be optimized as possible prior to surgery. Anticoagulants should be carefully adjusted prior to surgery if the patient is taking them. Preoperatively, physical examination, blood tests and urinalysis will be performed. If the patient has a history of heart or lung problems, and is above the age of 50, an ECG and chest X-ray is obtained. The patient should also have instruction on exercises and postoperative mobilization such as crutch walking. Patients are generally encouraged to mobilize the affected part following surgery with adequate analgesia. 4. Discuss components of a musculoskeletal physical assessment. a. Posture Spine is assessed for normal curvature. It is convex through the thoracic portion and concave through the cervical and lumbar portions. Kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis are common deformities of the spine. Kyphosis is mostly seen in elderly patients with osteoporosis and in some with neuromuscular disease. The entire back, buttocks and legs should be exposed during inspection of the spine. Spinal curves and trunk symmetry are inspected from posterior and lateral views. Differences in the height of the shoulders or iliac crest are noted. Symmetry of the shoulders and hips, line of the vertebral column are inspected at erect position and patient bending forward. Height should be measured especially in adults because in older adults, loss of height occurs due to loss of vertebral cartilage and osteoporosis. b. Gait Have the patient walk away for a short distance and observe the patients gait for smoothness and rhythm. Unsteadiness and irregular movements which are frequently seen in elderly patients are abnormal. c. Bone Integrity Deformities and alignments are assessed in the bony skeleton. Symmetric parts are compared. Abnormal bone growths are observed. Shortened extremities, amputations, and body parts that are not in anatomical alignments are documented. If fractures are present, movement must be minimized to avoid additional injuries and some may include abnormal angulation of long bones, motion at points other that joints and crepitus. d. Joint Function ROM, deformity, stability and nodular formation are noted. ROM is done both actively and passively. Goniometer can be used for precise measurement of ROM. If the joint is compromised or painful, it should be examined for effusion, swelling and increase in temperature for it may reflect active inflammation. If there is positive inflammation on the joints, a physician is consulted. Palpation of the joint while it is in passive movement will provide information on joint integrity. The joint normally moves smoothly; snap or crack indicates a ligament is slipping over a bony prominence. The slightly roughened surfaces results in crepitus. Tissues around the joints are examined for nodule formation. The size of the joint is often exaggerated by atrophy of the muscle proximal and distal to that joint which is seen in rheumatoid arthritis. e. Muscle Strength and Size Muscular strength and coordination, size of individual muscles, and patients ability to change position are assessed. Muscle tone is determined by palpating the the muscle while passively moving the relaxed extremity while muscle strength is assessed by having the patient perform certain maneuvers with and without added resistance. Muscle clonus may also be elicited by sudden, forceful, sustained dorsiflexion of the foot or extension of the wrist. Involuntary twitching of muscle fiber groups may be observed. The girth of an extremityis measured to monitor increased size. It may decrease due to muscle atrophy. It is important that the measurement be taken at the same location of the extremity and with the extremity in the same position, with the muscles at rest. Distance from a specific landmark must be indicated. Variations in size greater than 1cm are considered significant. f. Skin Skin is inspected for edema, color, and temperature. Palpation is performed to reveal if any areas are warmer which suggests increased perfusion of inflammation, or vice versa. Cuts, bruises, skin color, and evidence of decreased circulation or inflammation are noted. g. Neurovascular Status Frequent neurovascular examination is important for patient with musculoskeletal disorders due to the risk for tissue and nerve damage. Circulation, motion and sensation are assessed. SOURCES: Brunner and Suddarths textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 12th Edition Julia Kneale et. al. (2005) Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing 2nd Edition Clinical Assignment 1. Complete a musculoskeletal physical assessment. a. Temporomandibular joint Inspection: No swelling 3 fingers can be inserted sideways Palpation: No swelling and tenderness Both side firm, same strength There was a snap during opening Muscle strength The jaw can move in all directions and can move against resistance b. Cervical spine Inspection: Neck is straight and head is erect Palpation: No swelling and tenderness No spasms Both side firm, same strength Patient was able to do the following: flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation Muscle strength Can oppose resistance applied c. Thoracolumbar spine Inspection: No deformity Vertically aligned Palpation: No swelling and tenderness No spasms Percussion No tenderness Muscle strength Can flex, extend, laterally bend and rotate spine Can oppose resistance applied d. Upper extremities Inspection: No deformity on both sides Symmetrically aligned No deviations Palpation: No swelling and tenderness No spasms No atropy Fat pads fairly solid No synovial thickening Percussion Negative tinels sign Muscle strength Can perform ROM in shoulders, elbows, wrists and hands Can oppose resistance e. Lower extremities Inspection: No deformity on both sides Symmetrically aligned No deviations Palpation: Hip joint not swollen No swelling and tenderness No spasms No atrophy Muscle strength Can perform ROM in shoulders, elbows, wrists and hands Can oppose resistance Web Assignment 1. Summarize an article discussing techniques used in assessing the musculoskeletal system. How do the components of the health history guide the assessment? http://www.medkaau.com/videos/peguide.pdf There are general and regional considerations in the article. The general considerations are as follows; the patient should be undressed and gowned as needed, some parts of the exams may not be appropriate depending on the clinical situation. Examining the musculoskeletal system is all about anatomy. When taking the patients history for acute problems, we should always inquire about the mechanism of injury, loss of function and onset of swelling or edema. Also, the initial treatment should be asked. Meanwhile, when taking the patients history for chronic problems, we should ask the patient about past injuries and treatments, effect of function, and current symptoms. There are cardinal signs of musculoskeletal disease which are pain, swelling, redness, increased warmth, deformity, and loss of function. We should always begin with inspection, palpation, and ROM regardless of the region being examined. A complete evaluation will include a focused neurologic exam of the affected area. IPPA is first used in examination then active and passive ROM exercises in specific joints. After this, vascular status, pulses, capillary refill, erythema, cyanosis, clubbing, and lymphatic are assessed. The last things to be examined are the specific tests for Upper Extremities Snuffbox Tenderness, Drop Arm Test, Impingement Sign, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Test, and Flexor Digitorum Profundus. And these are the vascular and neurologic tests; Allen Test, Phalens Test, and Tinels Sign. And these are for the lowe extremities; Collateral Ligament Testing, Lachman Test, Anterior/Posterior Drawer Test, Ballotable Patella, and Milking the Knee. For the Back are the following tests Straight Leg Raising, FABER Test which stands for Flexion, ABduction, and External Rotation of the hip. It is used to differentiate hip or sacroiliac joint pathology from spine problems.

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Remaking Beowulf as a Christian Hero The story of Beowulf is full of religious references and symbolism, but is it truly a Christian story? According to the narrative, Beowulf is an instrument of God, an instrument of righteousness called by God to perform His will for the Danes. In stark contrast to his good, is the enemy, Grendel, the incarnation of pure evil. These two characters appear to represent the forces of good versus the forces of evil. It would be easy enough to leave the story that way, but it appears that Beowulf is written intentionally to make the main characters appear more important by adding Biblical references to the narrative. By creating characters of a Biblical stature, the story as a whole has an added importance. The story was to be important enough that those who told it and those that heard it would never forget the tale. This gruesome creature was called Grendel, notorious prowler of the borderland, ranger of the moors, the fen and the fastness; this cursed creature lived in a monster's lair for a time after the Creator had condemned him as one of the seed of Cain - the Everlasting Lord avenged Abel's murder. Cain had no satisfaction from that feud, but the Creator sent him into exile, far from mankind because of his crime. He could no longer approach the throne of grace, that precious place in God's presence, nor did he feel God's love. (102-113) Grendel is likened to Cain in this passage, but he seems to show characteristics of the devil as well. He is called a prowl... ...ciety. The pagan religions were passing away and being replaced by new traditions and a new religion. Maybe this version of Beowulf is like a remake of an old movie done forty years ago. It had been revamped to fit in with the times. If it had, it was a good idea, because this "modernized" version of Beowulf has certainly stood the test of time. Works Cited Blackburn, F.A.. "The Christian Coloring in the Beowulf." In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." In Modern Critical Interpretations: Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Frank, Roberta. "The Beowulf Poet's Sense of History." In Beowulf - Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.